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Title:
Electrical Properties of Polymers |
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Division: Polymer / CRC Press / 英文版 |
Author/Editor: Evaristo Riande, Ricardo Diaz-Calleja Star:  |
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ISBN: 0824753461 |
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Introduce Date: 2007年03月09日14:24 , Release Date: 2007年03月09日19:38 |
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Introducer: nanox , Rate: 1/126 |
| Format: pdf(editorial) Download |
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| Description: |
Electrical Properties of Polymers
Evaristo Riande, Ricardo Diaz-Calleja
ISBN: 9780824753467
ISBN 10: 0824753461
Publisher: CRC Press
Publication Date: 5/21/2004
Number of Pages: 600
• Outlines the principles of electric birefringence under static fields and clarifies birefringence dynamics
• Explains molecular dynamics simulations of dynamic dielectric properties, including arrival at the time-dipole correlation coefficient
• Discusses temperature dependence and long- and short-range relaxation dynamics of relaxation processes above glass transition temperature (Tg) or in the glassy state
• Considers experimental approaches to studying dielectric polymers such as immitance analysis and thermostimulated currents
Electrical Properties of Polymers describes the electric phenomena responsible for determining the chemical and supramolecular structure of polymers and polymeric materials. The authors explore the properties of quasi-static dipoles, reviewing Brownian motion, Debye theory, Langevin and Smoluchowski equations, and the Onsager model. This reference displays Maxwell and entropy equations, along with several others, that depict the thermodynamics of dielectric relaxation. Featuring end-of-chapter problems and useful appendices, the book reviews molecular dynamics simulations of dynamic dielectric properties and inspects mean-square dipole moments of gases, liquids, polymers, and fixed conformations.
Table Of Contents
Preface v
Part I. Physical Fundaments of Dielectrics
Static Dipoles
1 (50)
Dipoles
1 (1)
Electric potentials arising from an isolated dipole
2 (1)
Point dipole
3 (1)
Field of an isolated point dipole
4 (1)
Force exerted on a dipole by an external electric field
5 (1)
Dipole-dipole interaction
6 (1)
Torques on dipoles
7 (1)
Dipole moment and dielectric permittivity. Molecular versus macroscopic picture
8 (2)
Local field. The Debye static theory of dielectric permittivity
10 (3)
Drawback of the Lorentz local field
13 (1)
Dipole moment of a dielectric sphere in a dielectric medium
14 (4)
Actual dipole moments, definition and status
18 (2)
Directing field and the Onsager equation
20 (3)
Statistical theories for static dielectric permittivity. Kirkwood's theory
23 (4)
Frohlich's statistical theory
27 (2)
Distortion polarization in the Kirkwood and Frohlich theories
29 (22)
Appendix A Properties of the Legendre polynomials
31 (1)
Appendix B Frohlich alternative calculations for the polarization of a dielectric sphere in an infinite medium
32 (4)
Appendix C The polarization of an ellipsoid
36 (2)
Appendix D Important formulae in SI units
38 (1)
Problems
39 (11)
References
50 (1)
Quasi-static Dipoles
51 (74)
Brownian motion
51 (1)
Brief account of Einstein's theory of Brownian motion
52 (1)
Langevin treatment of Brownian motion
53 (1)
Correlation functions
54 (1)
Mean-square displacement of a Brownian particle
55 (1)
Fluctuation--dissipation theorem
56 (1)
Smoluchowski equation
57 (1)
Rotational Brownian motion
58 (3)
Debye theory of relaxation processes
61 (2)
Debye equations for the dielectric permittivity
63 (2)
Macroscopic theory of the dielectric dispersion
65 (1)
Dielectric behavior in time-dependent electric fields
66 (3)
Dissipated energy in polarization
69 (1)
Dispersion relations
70 (1)
Energy dissipation and the Debye plateau
71 (1)
Inertial effects
72 (2)
Langevin equation for the dipole vector
74 (3)
Diffusive theory of Debye and the Onsager model
77 (2)
Relationship between macroscopic dielectric and mechanical properties
79 (1)
Statistical mechanics and linear response
80 (5)
Relationship between the frequency-dependent permittivity and the autocorrelation function for dipole moments
85 (3)
Extension to polarizable dipoles
88 (1)
Macroscopic and microscopic correlation functions
89 (3)
Complex polarizability
92 (1)
Dispersion relations corresponding to the polarizability. A new version of the fluctuation--dissipation theorem
93 (2)
Fluctuations in a spherical shell
95 (6)
Dielectric friction
101 (5)
Resonance absorption
106 (2)
Memory functions
108 (6)
First-order memory function and macroscopic relaxation time
114 (3)
Mode coupling theories
117 (8)
Problems
119 (4)
References
123 (2)
Thermodynamics of Dielectric Relaxations in Complex Systems
125 (50)
Thermodynamics of irreversible processes
125 (1)
Dielectric relaxation in the framework of LIT
126 (1)
Maxwell equations
127 (1)
Conservation equations
128 (6)
Conservation of mass
128 (1)
Conservation of charge
129 (1)
Conservation of linear momentum
129 (2)
Conservation of energy
131 (2)
Internal energy equation
133 (1)
Entropy equation
134 (5)
Relaxation equation
139 (2)
Correlation and memory functions
141 (3)
Dielectric relaxations in polar fluids
144 (5)
Introduction
144 (1)
Balance equations
144 (2)
Entropy equation
146 (3)
Dielectric susceptibilities and permittivities
149 (3)
Generalization and special cases
152 (1)
Memory function
153 (1)
Normal mode absorption
154 (21)
Appendix
160 (2)
Problems
162 (11)
References
173 (2)
Experimental Techniques
175 (68)
Measurement systems in the time domain
175 (3)
Measurement systems in the frequency domain
178 (3)
Immitance analysis
181 (5)
Basic immitance functions
Series and parallel RC networks
182 (1)
Mixed circuit. Debye equations
183 (3)
Empirical models to represent dielectric data
186 (19)
Retardation time spectra
186 (2)
Cole-Cole equation
188 (4)
Fuoss--Kirkwood equation
192 (1)
Davidson--Cole equation
193 (1)
Havriliak--Negami equation
194 (2)
Jonscher model
196 (1)
Hill model
197 (1)
KWW model
198 (1)
Dissado--Hill model
199 (1)
Friedrich model
200 (2)
Model of Metzler, Schick, Kilian, and Nonnenmacher
202 (1)
Biparabolic model
203 (2)
Thermostimulated currents
205 (38)
Electrets
205 (1)
Thermostimulated depolarization and polarization
206 (1)
Microscopic mechanisms and applications of TSD currents
206 (1)
Basic equations for dipolar depolarization
207 (2)
Isothermal measurements
209 (5)
Thermal windowing
214 (1)
Thermostimulated depolarization currents versus conventional dielectric measurements
215 (1)
Appendix A Edge corrections
216 (7)
Appendix B Single-surface interdigital electrode
223 (4)
Problems
227 (13)
References
240 (3)
Part II. Structure Dependence of the Equilibrium and Dynamic Dielectric Properties of Polymers
Mean-Square Dipole Moments of Molecular Chains
243 (22)
Introduction
243 (1)
Dipole moments of gases
244 (1)
Dipole moments of liquids and polymers
245 (3)
Effect of the electric field on the mean-square dipole moment
248 (3)
Excluded volume effects
251 (1)
Dipole moments for fixed conformations
252 (3)
Average values of μ2
255 (1)
Rotational states and conformational energies
256 (3)
Dipole autocorrelation coefficient of polymers
259 (1)
Determination of conformational energies
260 (5)
References
263 (2)
Electric Birefringence of Polymers under Static Fields
265 (28)
Introduction
265 (1)
Birefringence: Basic principles
266 (1)
Electric birefringence
267 (1)
Induced dipole moments and polarizability
268 (2)
Orientation function of rigid rods
270 (3)
Evaluation of mK for polymer chains
273 (1)
Realistic model for the evaluation of mK in flexible polymers
274 (5)
Valence optical scheme
279 (2)
Computation of mK by the RIS model
281 (12)
Problems
286 (5)
References
291 (2)
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Equilibrium and Dynamic Dielectric Properties
293 (28)
Introduction
294 (1)
Basic principles of molecular dynamics
294 (9)
Force fields
294 (2)
Integration algorithms and trajectories
296 (6)
Computation time savings
302 (1)
Trajectories of molecules in phase space and computing time
303 (6)
Determination of the time--dipole correlation coefficient
309 (12)
References
319 (2)
Dielectric Relaxation Processes at Temperatures Above Tg Molecular Chains Dynamics
321 (52)
Introduction
321 (1)
Phenomenological dielectric response in the time domain
322 (3)
Dielectric response in the frequency domain
325 (2)
Dielectric relaxation modulus in the time and frequency domains
327 (3)
Kronig-Kramers relationships
330 (2)
Analytical expressions for the dielectric permittivity and dielectric relaxation modulus in the time and frequency domains
332 (3)
Local and cooperative dynamics: Basic concepts
335 (2)
Responses of glass formers above Tg to perturbation fields in a wide interval of frequencies
337 (3)
Broadband dielectric spectroscopy of supercooled polymers
340 (7)
Temperature dependence of the stretch exponent for the a-relaxation
347 (1)
Temperature dependence of secondary relaxations
348 (1)
Temperature dependence of the a-relaxation
349 (2)
Dielectric strength and polarity
351 (1)
Segmental motions
352 (2)
Long-time relaxation dynamics
354 (4)
Time--dipole correlation function for polymers of type A
358 (1)
Normal relaxation time for polymers having type A and type AB dipoles
359 (1)
Molecular chain dynamics
360 (5)
Rouse model
360 (3)
Zimm model
363 (2)
Normal mode relaxation time for melts and concentrated solutions of polymers having type A and type AB dipoles
365 (2)
Scaling laws for the dielectric normal mode for semi-dilute solutions of polymers having either type A or type AB dipoles
367 (1)
Relation between molecular dimensions and relaxation strength for type A polymers
368 (5)
References
370 (3)
Relaxations in the Glassy State. Short-Range Dynamics
373 (35)
Introduction
373 (1)
Molecular models associated with a single relaxation time
374 (6)
Dynamics of secondary dielectric relaxation in two-site models
380 (2)
Coalescent αβ-process
382 (1)
Relaxation of N segments in a chain: Dynamic rotational isomeric state model (DRIS)
383 (1)
Probability of rotational states at equilibrium
384 (1)
Conformational transition rates
385 (1)
Independent conformational transitions
386 (3)
Pairwise dependent conformational transitions
389 (3)
Time--dipole autocorrelation coefficient
392 (1)
Relaxation times
392 (1)
Motion of a single bond
393 (4)
Phenomenological classification of secondary relaxation processes
397 (11)
Local main chain motions
397 (1)
Motions of side groups about their link to the main backbone
398 (1)
Motions within side groups
399 (1)
Motions due to the presence of small molecules in the polymer matrix
399 (1)
Secondary relaxations in semicrystalline polymers
399 (1)
Dielectric relaxations in liquid crystal polymers (LCPs)
400 (1)
Problems
400 (6)
References
406 (2)
Electric Birefringence Dynamics
408 (17)
Introduction
408 (1)
Orientation function
409 (1)
Decay function
410 (1)
Buildup orientation function
411 (2)
Pulsed fields
413 (2)
Dispersion of the birefringence in sine wave fields
415 (10)
Problems
419 (5)
References
424 (1)
Part III. Special Polymers
Dielectric Properties of Liquid Crystals
425 (72)
Introduction: Liquid crystal generalities
425 (7)
Tensorial dielectric properties of anisotropic materials
432 (3)
Macroscopic order parameter
435 (1)
Microscopic order parameter
436 (4)
Dielectric susceptibilities
440 (1)
High-frequency response
441 (2)
Static dielectric permittivities
443 (4)
Smectic phases
447 (7)
Dynamic dielectric permittivity. Internal field factors
454 (1)
Dielectric relaxations in nematic uniaxial mesophases
455 (11)
Experimental results
466 (31)
Appendix A
466 (4)
Appendix B
470 (4)
Appendix C
474 (4)
Problems
478 (16)
References
494 (3)
Piezoelectric and Pyroelectric Materials
497 (46)
Introduction
497 (1)
Basic concepts
498 (2)
Thermodynamics
500 (2)
Piezoelectricity
502 (4)
Pyroelectricity
506 (1)
Piezoelectric and pyroelectric polymers
507 (5)
Piezoelectricity effect and symmetry
512 (9)
Piezoelectric and pyroelectric mechanisms
521 (3)
Piezoelectricity and pyroelectricity in polar polymers
524 (1)
Unaxially oriented, optically active polymers
525 (1)
Ferroelectric liquid crystalline polymers
526 (5)
Measurements of piezoelectric constants
531 (2)
Relation between the remnant polarization and the piezoelectric constants in ferroelectric polymers
533 (2)
Ferroelectric composites
535 (8)
References
541 (2)
Nonlinear Optical Polymers
543 (32)
Introduction
543 (1)
Basic principles of harmonic generation in crystals
544 (1)
Second harmonic generation and coherence length
545 (3)
Nonlinear polarization and frequency mixing
548 (1)
Nonlinear polarization in polymers
548 (4)
Poling process
552 (1)
Relation between hyperpolaribility and second-order susceptibility in uniaxially poled oriented polymers
553 (3)
Poling decay
556 (2)
Determination of X(2)ijk susceptibilities
558 (2)
Measurement of the electrooptic effect
560 (2)
Guidelines for designing NLO polymer systems
562 (2)
Polymer systems with NLO properties
564 (11)
References
572 (3)
Conducting Polymers
575 (48)
Introduction
575 (1)
Chemical structure and conducting character
576 (1)
Routes of synthesis of conjugated polymers
577 (11)
Electropolymerization
584 (4)
Energy gaps in conducting polymers
588 (5)
Doping processes
593 (3)
Charge transport
596 (4)
Metallic conductivity
600 (2)
Microwave dielectric permittivity
602 (1)
Optical dielectric permittivity and conductivity
602 (2)
Applications of semiconductor polymers
604 (4)
Conducting polymers
608 (2)
Polymers for rechargeable batteries
610 (3)
Other applications
613 (10)
Problems
613 (3)
References
616 (7)
Index
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